English Vocab

Reappraising The Raj

The grand narrative of modern Indian history has come to be dominated by the triumvirate (a group of three powerful or notable people or things.) of Gandhi, Nehru and Ambedkar. No doubt, it is a well-deserved recognition. But it also relegates several freedom fighters and national leaders to the

status of foot soldiers. Towering leaders like Rajaji, Sree Narayana Guru, Lala Lajpat Rai are no longer part of our collective consciousness. Still worse, they are downgraded to local and ethnic levels. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule is only celebrated by Dalits and most backward class groups.

Our collective amnesia (a partial or total loss of memory.) does more injustice to all those from theBritish Isles (an island or peninsula, especially a small one.) and associated with the Raj. A Lord Lytton or a Reginald O’Dwyer deserves all the opprobrium (harsh criticism or censure.). What about a William Bentinck or a Lord Ripon? And what about, above all, Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay?

It is time the country embarked on a new estimation of the pantheon (a group of famous or important people) of modern India’s nation builders. Such a process will be fraught with contestation and controversy. And much needed.

Time for a forgiving gaze

Fortunately, the constant reappraisal of history is taking place, not at the behest (a person's orders or command.) of some government agency but by common people. Consider this. While scholars question the wisdom of ‘colonial hydrology’, Sir Arthur Cotton who built a barrage on river Godavari (and several others) is gratefully remembered by people in coastal Andhra Pradesh. He is called a Modern Bhagirath and his statue is kept in a temple. Newspapers in the State carry special articles on occasion.

It is natural that a generation remains bitter towards an oppressive regime, foreign or home-grown, that it managed to overthrow. And the subsequent generations would be more forgiving, if not forgetful. It is emblematic of the times that we now witness the reverse in India.

Generations that lived under British rule had had a more equanimous (calm and composed.) and sympathetic view of the times though people fought for its end. The self-induced outrage at British rule reflects home-grown jingoism (extreme patriotism).

Hardly a generation ago, it would be natural for a history teacher to extol (praise enthusiastically.) the greatness of this or that Briton who may have happened to be associated with the Raj — and faced no consequences. Nowadays, even the students would drag such a teacher out of the classroom and teach him a lesson.

In 1982 I could write a newspaper article on Macaulay, using the vignettes (a brief evocative description, account, or episode.) my undergraduate history lecturer narrated in the class. It’s another matter that he had disapproved of my temerity (excessive confidence or boldness) to blindly print his memory without any research!

Macaulay’s bequest to India

Macaulay in 1833 was the first on record among those ruled India to reject caste and communal distinctions in categorical terms: “…the worst of all systems was surely that of having a mild code for the Brahmins… while there was a severe code for the Sudras. India has suffered enough already from the distinction of castes, and from the deeply rooted prejudices which that distinction has engendered. God forbid that we should inflict on her the curse of a new caste, that we should send her a new breed of Brahmins!”

“It is the genius of this man,” wrote eminent historian K.M. Panikkar in his estimation of Macaulay, “narrow in his Europeanism, self-satisfied in his sense of English greatness, that gives life to modern India as we know it. He was India’s new Manu, the spirit of modern law incarnate ((especially of a deity or spirit) embodied in human form.).” A generation later historian Ramachandra Guha echoes a similar viewpoint: “The software revolution in India might never have happened had it not been for Macaulay’s Minute. And India might not have still been united had it not been for that Minute either.” (These two quotes are taken from Zareer Masani’s excellent biography, Macaulay: Pioneer of India’s Modernization).

Panikkar and Mr. Guha highlight Macaulay’s two gifts to India, the rule of law and English language; they have played — and still play — a critical role in building and keeping India as a functioning democracy. An unintentional side effect of an arrogant and racist coloniser? By no means. For Macaulay, the following ought to be the mission statement of British rule in India: “It would be, on the most selfish view of the case, far better for us that the people of India were well governed and independent of us, than ill governed and subject to us; that they were ruled by their own kings, but wearing our broadcloth, and working with our cutlery, than that they were performing their salams to English collectors and English magistrates, but were too ignorant to value, or too poor to buy, English manufactures. To trade with civilised men is infinitely more profitable than to govern savages (a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized.).” Patronising? Yes. Lacking in good faith? No.

No doubt, his detractors dismiss him as an imperialist and a racist, tossing in a few other charges including that of incest. Save the last one, Macaulay left enough ‘evidence’ to sustain the charges against himself. He said things that can still upset several groups: Americans, Indians, Germans, Russians, the French, the Irish, Jews, Bengalis, and, above all, the Catholics. But his omissions and commissions are beside the point.

The case in point is the recent controversy over Mahatma Gandhi’s quite uncharitable comments on Black Africans and consequent demands in several countries from Ghana to South Africa to pull down his statues. The shortcomings of these two great men are not good enough to deny them of their rightful place in history.

Can we continue to ignore Macaulay’s foundational contributions towards making modern India? Is it a mere quibble (a slight objection or criticism.) about history? An informed public debate on what it means to celebrate the legacy of Macaulay will help us appreciate the whys and wherefores of much of the currentangst (a feeling of deep anxiety or dread, typically an unfocused one about the human condition or the state of the world in general.) in the country.

The current dispensation is seeking to replace the legacy of the Raj — especially, English education — with a desi version nobody knows anything about. Whatever one knows is the spectre of gau rakshaks (cow vigilantes) performing their dharma of protecting the holy cow and also playing the ancient trick of lynching Dalits as cow-killers. In an India of Macaulay’s vision Dalits would enjoy equal rights and freedoms while gau rakshaks are put behind bars. And India would trade with Britain as an equal.

A man with such a vision must be an Indian and if he happens to be the first to have that vision, he must be a Mahatma!

1. Amnesia (noun): (A partial or total loss of memory) (भूल/विस्मरण)

Synonyms: Fugue, Memory Loss, Forgetfulness, Lethe,

Antonyms: Attentiveness, Heed, Mindfulness, Remembering.

Example: Harry could not recall anything prior to the date of his accident, which his doctor attributed toamnesia.

Origin: from Greek amnesia ‘forgetfulness’.

 

2. Pantheon (noun): (Lit- a temple dedicated to all the gods /Fig-a group of famous or important people)(प्रसिद्ध लोगों का दल/ देव समूह)

Synonyms: Chapel, House of gods, Synagogue, Pagoda.

Example: The architecture of the pantheons is carefully constructed to admire many gods and goddesses.

Origin: Greek pantheion, from pan ‘all’ + theion ‘holy’

3. Behest (noun): (A person's orders or command.) (आदेश)

Synonyms: Command, Decree, Dictate, Directive, Imperative, Instruction, Order

Antonyms: Appeal, Petition, Plea

Example: At the president’s behest, the prisoner will be pardoned for his crimes.

4. Equanimous (adjective): (Calm and composed.) (धीर/प्रशांत)

Synonyms: Calm, Tranquil, Sedate, Composed, Serene, Unruffled, Imperturbable.

Antonyms: Frenzied, Turbulent, Ruffled.

Example: People engage in meditation to strengthen their ability to preserve their equanimity in times of stress.

Related words:

Equanimity (noun) - To stay calm, especially under stress; to maintain composure

Origin: from Latin aequanimus, from aequus ‘equal’ + animus mind.

5. Vignette (noun): (A brief evocative description, account, or episode.) (लघुचित्र)

Synonyms: Scene, Vivid Representation, Short Account (of someone’s life).

Example: At the wedding reception, the best man shared a vignette about how the newlywed couple met.

Verb forms: Vignette, Vignetted, Vignetted.

Related words:

Vignette (verb) - Portray (someone) in the style of a vignette.

Origin: from French vigne

6. Temerity (noun): (Excessive confidence or boldness) (अति साहस)

Synonyms: Audacity, Boldness, Intrepidity, Daring.

Antonyms: Cowardice, Fear, Hesitation.

Example: Even though the mayor’s advisors were against his budget proposal, none of them had the temerity to admit it to him.

Origin:  from Latin temeritas

7. Incarnate (adjective): (Especially of a deity or spirit) embodied in human form.) (सशरीर करना)

Synonyms: In human form, Corporeal, Physical, Fleshly, Embodied.

Antonyms: Immaterial.

Example: The dark portrait seemed to incarnate all the evil the artist saw in the world.

Verb forms: Incarnate, Incarnated, Incarnated.

Related words:

Incarnate (verb) - Embody or represent (a deity or spirit) in human form.

Origin: from LAtin incarnare, from in-‘into’ + caro, carn- ‘flesh’.

8. Savage (adjective): (A member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized.) (अशिष्ट/असभ्य)

Synonyms: Uncivilized, Unenlightened, Non-Literate, Heathen, Barbaric.

Antonyms: Cultured, Sophisticated, Civilized.

Example: Because my son often forgets his manners, I warned him to not behave like a savage at the wedding reception.

Related words:

Savagely (adverb) - असभ्यता से

Savagery (noun) - अशिष्टता

9. Quibble (noun): (A slight objection or criticism.) (तर्क/वाद/वक्रोक्ति)

Synonyms: Moan, Grumble, Grouse, Cavil, Trivial Objection.

Antonyms: Approval, Agreement, Concurrence.

Example: It is normal for married couples to quibble over small things like who controls the television remote.

Verb forms: Quibble, Quibbled, Quibbled.

Related words:

Quibble (verb) - Argue or raise objections about a trivial matter.

10. Angst (noun): (A feeling of deep anxiety or dread, typically an unfocused one about the human condition or the state of the world in general.) (व्यग्रता/उद्वेग)

Synonyms: Anxiety, Unease, Consternation, Disquietude, Discomposure.

Antonyms: Calmness, Composure, Peace.

Example: As the economy continues to worsen, many of the nation’s citizens feel angst about their financial troubles.

Origin: from German Angst, ‘fear’.