English Vocab

An Alliance on Track

When Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe meets Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Ahmedabad this week, the bilateral agenda will range from issues of maritime security to nuclear energy and trade. But at the centrepiece of their summitry (the practice of conducting international negotiations by summit conferences) will be the inauguration of India’s first high-speed rail corridor from Mumbai

to Ahmedabad, to be developed using Japanese technology and financing.

The image of the platypus-snouted blue and white Shinkansen streaking past a snow-topped Mount Fuji has become as synonymous with Japan as sushi. Since October 1964, when the first bullet trains collapsed the time it took to cover the 552 km between Tokyo and the commercial centre of Osaka to four hours (today it is down to 2 hours, 22 minutes), the Shinkansen has emerged as the symbol of Japan’s post-World War II ascent to economic superpowerdom. It encapsulates the archipelago’s engineering might and almostpreternatural (beyond what is normal or ordinary) standards of safety and punctuality. Japan’s Shinkansen have carried over 10 billion passengers to date, without a single accident or casualty and an average delay of less than one minute.

Yet, despite this admirable track record, Japan has struggled to export its bullet train know-how (practical knowledge or skill), even as Mr. Abe has made selling the technology abroad a cornerstone of his game plan to revitalise the stagnant Japanese economy. Before signing on India, Taiwan had been Japan’s only successful sale. But Taiwan is hardly a poster child for the system, given that its high-speed line has suffered heavy losses since opening in 2007.

Profitability is a notoriously hard ask for high-speed train networks. Most lines across Europe, for example, are in the red. In Japan, some routes, notably Tokyo-Osaka, are profitable, but to achieve this requires high volumes of passengers and highly priced tickets. It costs around $130 for a one-way Shinkansen ticket from Tokyo to Osaka. And over 350 trains operate on this line daily, ferrying about 163 million passengers a year. The region served is demographically dense, home to over half of Japan’s population. These conditions are not easy to replicate and other high-speed lines in Japan have struggled.

Chinese competition

The latest challenge to Japan’s ambitions is the emergence of China as the new emperor of the superfast train. Over the last decade China has developed a 22, 000 km high-speed rail network. It boasts the ‘world’s fastest train’, the Shanghai Maglev that hits speeds of 430 km. Its technology is also cheaper, making it an attractive proposition for the cost-conscious developing and middle-income countries of Asia.

In 2015, China pipped Japan to the post at the last minute by securing a high-speed rail project in Indonesia that had been considered by Tokyo to be in the bag. One reason Beijing unexpectedly won out was because China offered to finance the line without any recourse (a source of help in a difficult situation.) to Indonesia’s government coffers (a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables.). In the years since, the project has stalled following land acquisition problems. Nonetheless, China has also beaten Tokyo to becoming Thailand’s partner of choice for its first high-speed rail line, permissions for which were finally granted after a two-year delay.

The battle to export bullet trains is clearly reflective of the broader rivalry between China and Japan for influence in Asia. Consequently, the India deal is not only a business coup (an instance of successfully achieving something difficult.) for Japan but also a geostrategic one. Former Ambassador of Japan to India and President of the Japan-India Association, Hiroshi Hirabayashi, acknowledged as much. “India is not Indonesia or Thailand. It is a great nation, totally autonomous. And it’s not as likely to submit to Chinese pressure,” he said of India’s decision to go with Tokyo.

Ironing out the niggles (a trivial criticism, discomfort, or annoyance.)

For Japan, the Mumbai-Ahmedabad contract has been hard-won. It entails a loan worth $12 billion, at 0.1% interest, to be paid back over 50 years, taking care of over 80% of the project’s estimated costs. Japan will also supplement the financing with a generous package of technical assistance and training.

Yet in India, concerns related to costs, safety and misplaced priorities persist. Tomoyuki Nakano, the Director for International Engineering Affairs of Japan’s Railway Bureau, remained confident of ironing these out with some tweaks (a fine improvement) to the Japanese technology taking into account climatic differences, the possibility of electrical blackouts, as well as dust and other environmental conditions in India. He also pointed out that when Japan developed its first Shinkansen lines in the 1960s, it was a poor country as well that had required loans from the World Bank.

But what about the enormous software or cultural differences between Japan and India? Mr. Nakano wassanguine (optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation.). “When we had Indians coming here (to Tokyo) for training, I noticed some of them were quite late. But after two weeks in Japan they became very punctual,” he concluded.

1. Summitry (noun): (The practice of conducting international negotiations by summit conferences) (सम्मेलन)

Synonyms: Powwow, Conference, Deliberation, Round Table.

Example: The summitry of BRICS 2017 was held at Xiamen International Conference Center, China. 

Related words:

Summit (noun) - A meeting between heads of government.

Origin: from Latin summus  

2. Knowhow (noun): (Practical knowledge or skill) (कुशलता/प्रवीणता)

Synonyms: Ability, Aptitude, Expertise, Ingenuity, Proficiency, Dexterity.

Antonyms: Inability, Ineptitude

Example: Aaron’s financial knowhow has helped him earn a fortune on the stock market.

3. Recourse (noun): (A source of help in a difficult situation.) (उपाय/सहायता या मदद के लिये जाना)

Synonyms: Alternative, Way out, Remedy, Help, Resort. 

Antonyms: Blockade, Hindrance, Obstruction.

Example: Once Trevor’s financial aid was terminated, he had no recourse other than to get a job and pay his own requirements.

Origin: from Latin recursus, from re- ‘back, again’ + cursus ‘course, running’.

4. Coffer (noun): (A strongbox or small chest for holding valuables.) (मुद्राधार)

Synonyms: Strongbox, Money Box, Cash Box, Money Chest, Treasure Chest, Casket.

Example: In medieval times, several rulers attacked their enemies to confiscate the coffers and annex their territory. 

Origin: from Greek kophinos ‘basket’.

5. Coup (noun): (An instance of successfully achieving something difficult.) (अप्रत्याशित सफलता)

Synonyms: Success, Triumph, Feat, Successful Manoeuvre, Accomplishment, Achievement, Attainment.

Antonyms: Failure, Damp Squib.

Example: Since our team is usually eliminated early in the competition, we considered it a major coupwhen we won the championship.

6. Niggle (noun): (A trivial criticism, discomfort, or annoyance.) (टीस/शिकायत)

Synonyms: Quibble, Trivial Objection, Moan, Grumble, Grouse, Cavil.

Antonyms: Agreement, Concurrence, Concordance.

Example: The students began to niggle and protest when their teacher assigned them a huge project over winter break.

Verb forms: Niggle, Niggled, Niggled.

Related words:

Niggle (verb) - Cause slight but persistent annoyance, discomfort, or anxiety.

Origin: of Scandinavian origin Niggle (in the sense ‘do in an ineffectual way’)

7. Iron out (phrasal verb): (To solve all problems that are still left/ to ease a problem; to smooth out a problem.) (समाधान करना/हल करना)

Synonyms: Work out, Resolve, Settle, Unravel, Put right. 

Antonyms: Complicate, Dishevel, Muddle, Screw up.

Example:  A mediator can iron out the troubles between two conflicting parties.

Verb forms: Iron out, Ironed out, Ironed out.

8. Tweak (noun): (A fine improvement) (सुधार/मरम्मत)

Synonyms: Refinement, Improvement, Renovation, Amelioration.

Antonyms: Retrogression, Deterioration, Worsening.

Example: For my computer keyboard to work again, the repairman realized he needed to tweak the keyboard by cleaning it so the keys wouldn’t stick.

Verb forms: Tweak, Tweaked, Tweaked.

Related words:

Tweak (verb) – To amend

9. Sanguine (adjective): (Optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation.) (आशापूर्ण/विश्वासपूर्ण)

Synonyms: Optimistic, Hopeful, Buoyant, Positive, Upbeat.

Antonyms: Depressed, Gloomy, Pessimistic, Pallid.

Example: Since the doctor had told Sharon she could leave the hospital in two days, she was feeling quite sanguine about her recovery.

Related words:

Sanguinity (noun) – आशावादिता

10. Preternatural (adjective): (Beyond what is normal or ordinary) (अपूर्व/असाधारण/असामान्य)

Synonyms: Extraordinary, Exceptional, Unusual, Unprecedented, Outstanding, Remarkable, Phenomenal.

Antonyms: Common, Usual, Normal.

Example: Seeing a penguin in the desert seemed very preternatural to the amazed onlookers.

Related words:

Preternaturally (adverb) - अलौकिक रूप से