English Vocab

Measuring Judicial Merit

Indian judges wield power like no others. For, which other judiciary can boast a free hand in crafting policy on an almost daily basis, setting up booze free zones, mandating theatrical standing for the national anthem and even controlling a circus called cricket. However, what truly sets apart India’s higher judiciary is the enviable freedom to select its very own: through that cosy (giving a feeling of comfort, warmth, and relaxation.) cabal (faction) of a clique (a small close-knit group of people who do not readily allow others to join them.) that we call the “collegium”.

This is a freedom ferreted out (Uncover and bring to light) from a rather tortuous reading of the Constitution some decades ago when the Supreme Court decided that the collegium would predominate over judicial appointments, to the near exclusion of all other stakeholders. Since then the judiciary has zealously guarded this self-anointed power, and even struck down a parliamentary enactment (National Judicial Appointments Commission Act) that sought to substitute the collegium with a structure that might have tilted the balance in favour of the executive.

A controversial collegium

Little wonder then that the collegium continues to court one controversy after another — the latest being the unfortunate transfer of Justice Jayant Patel, just as he was on the verge of taking over as the Chief Justice of the Karnataka High Court. Some attribute this “punishment” transfer to his role in the Ishrat Jahan case, where he ordered a CBI inquiry into an alleged “encounter” killing.

All of this forces us to ask that eternally enigmatic (difficult to interpret or understand) question: how do we judge our judges? For this, we must have some measurable metric of merit, and a transparent one at that. One that is well reasoned and turns (in turn) on how well the judge in question “reasons”. In the Justice Patel case, one of the key demands by a local bar association which protested this seemingly arbitrary transfer was: pray, what are the “reasons”?

Indeed, “reasoning” constitutes the chief raison d’etre (the most important reason or purpose for someone or something's existence.) for the public legitimacy of the judiciary. As a famous U.S. judge once noted, “The political branches of government claim legitimacy by election, judges by reason.”

I was therefore struck when a recently appointed judge at the Delhi High Court publicly pronounced at a conference that judges need not give “reasons” for issuing intellectual property (IP) injunctions (an authoritative warning or order.), since they know best and decide with “conviction”. This was a bit ironical, since just a few months prior to this conference, a former judge of the Rajasthan High Court had gone on record with his strong “conviction” that peacocks propagate their progeny (offspring) not through sex, but through tears.

Clearly there is much to be said for conviction. And to lowly “reason”, we must therefore return. Fortunately, the collegium has now decided to make its “reasons” public — at least, some of it. Last Friday, the apex court released resolutions pertaining to the selection of judges for the Kerala and Tamil Nadu High Courts.

Given that the collegium has operated in a shroud of secrecy for more than two decades now, this is nothing short of revolutionary. Unfortunately, this path-breaking development for judicial transparency falls a bit short on some counts. For one, it does not detail the “metric” or methodology for measuring judicial merit. Rather, while assessing the quality of judgments penned by the candidate as a trial court judge, it simply states: “As regards Smt. T. Krishnavalli… Judgment Committee has awarded her Judgments as ‘Good/Average’.” And similarly for “Shri R. Pongiappan”.

We are not told as to who or what this “Judgment” committee is. Or which “judgments” of the said candidates were being considered? Or even what counted as a “good” judgment, as opposed to an “average” one. Most problematically though, we’re left wondering how “average” judgment writing skills made the cut to one of the highest constitutional posts?

Legal legibility

If we’re serious about judicial merit, we have to be more rigorous in our measurement, particularly on factors such as the quality of the “judgment”, i.e. how well the judge writes and reasons out her decision.

To this end, we must begin with legal clarity or “legibility”. Access to law means nothing if it takes specialised legal genius to determine the essence of a ruling. Given the verbosity (wordiness) of some decisions, it is well-nigh (almost.) impossible to locate the “ratio” of a decision (legal terminology for the operative part of a judgment). Illustratively, the Ayodhya verdict ran into more than 1,000 pages, guaranteeing that not many people in the entire country would have read it.

One might be forgiven for thinking that this volubility (wordiness) encodes a great deal of insightful judicial analysis. Hardly. As Justice Ruma Pal, a former judge of Supreme Court, once lamented: “Many judgments are in fact mere compendia (a collection of concise but detailed information about a particular subject, especially in a book or other publication.) or digests of decisions on a particular issue with very little original reasoning in support of the conclusion.”

Add to this frame the rather tortuous language and purple prose deployed by those that think themselves to be the next Justice Krishna Iyer in the making. And one can well understand why, when other jurisdictions are busy engaging in a critical analysis of the law, we’re still stuck with: what precisely is the law? In March this year, the Supreme Court castigated a High Court judge for rendering a decision in language so dense that it bordered on the mystical. But a quick search revealed that just a week ago, the very same judge issued another decision in similarly spirited language.

If we are serious about judicial merit, we have to do better than this. Granted, the strength of judgment writing alone cannot be the sole criterion, and one has to also assess other attributes such as integrity, collegiality, work ethic, fairness, independence, etc. But these are not as readily amenable to empirical measurement as is “judicial reasoning”.

The collegium resolutions do speak to some of these more subjective virtues, but again in a rather rushed and inscrutable manner. Sample this statement about a candidate’s supposed integrity (or lack of it): “As regards Shri A. Zakir Hussain (mentioned at Sl. No. 3 above), keeping in view the material on record, including the report of Intelligence Bureau, he is not found suitable for elevation to the High Court Bench.”

And similarly, for a certain “Dr K Arul”.

Just three lines disposing of Mr. Hussain and Dr. Arul. No mention of the quality of their judgments, what colleagues had to say about their collegiality, etc. But simply some undisclosed “material on record” and a secret IB report. The very same IB that allegedly ambushed (confront (someone) suddenly and unexpectedly with unwelcome questions.) one of our finest lawyers, Gopal Subramanium, and thwarted his chances of travelling to the apex court.

In order to uphold constitutional values such as judicial independence, our judges were compelled to arrogate to themselves the power to pick their very own. At the very least, they must ensure that those that are picked are truly meritorious: and certainly above “average”.

Work in progress

The latest move by the collegium marks a monumental milestone in our judicial history. While it needs to be applauded with all the vigour we have, we also have to be mindful that this is only the beginning, and much more remains to be done. To begin with, the collegium needs to make public its methodology for measuring “merit”. Institutional alternatives to the collegium make no sense, unless one first works out an optimal metric for measuring merit.

Quoting from the superhero series Spiderman, a Supreme Court judge once said: “With great power comes great responsibility.” And “accountability”, if I might add.

1. Ferret out (phrasal verb): (Uncover and bring to light) (खोजना/पता लगाना)

Synonyms: Unearth, Uncover, Discover, Detect, Search Out, Elicit, Bring To Light.

Antonyms: Cover, Hide.

Example:  The detective ferreted out the sequence of events by questioning all of the witnesses.

Verb forms: Ferret out, Ferreted out, Ferreted out.

2. Progeny (noun): A descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, or plant. (सन्तति/वंश)

Synonyms: Descendant, Offspring, Successor

Antonyms: Parent, Predecessor, Ancestor

Example: Because the billionaire bachelor did not have a progeny, his entire estate went to charity when he died.

Related words:

Progenitor (noun) - A person or thing from which a person, animal, or plant is descended or originates; an ancestor or parent.

3. Well-nigh (adverb): (Almost.) (लगभग)

Synonyms: Almost, Nearly, Just About, Pretty Much, Pretty Well.

Antonyms: Barely, Hardly, Scarcely.

Example: Completing a 100 meters track in 5 seconds is well-nigh impossible. 

4. Volubility (noun): (The quality of talking fluently, readily, or incessantly) (शब्द-बाहुल्य)

Synonyms: Talkativeness, Loquaciousness, Garrulousness, Verboseness, Wordiness, Chattiness.

Antonyms: Conciseness, Succinctness.

Example: After drinking a few beers, he became voluble and talked nearly for 3 hours.

Related words:

Voluble (adjective) - (Talking fluently, readily, or incessantly). (बातूनी/वाक्चपल)

5. Compendium (noun): A collection of concise but detailed information about a particular subject, (सारांश/संक्षेप)

Synonyms: Abstract, Brief, Conspectus, Digest, Epitome, Essence

Antonyms: Enlargement, Expansion, Extension, Abridgement

Example: During the event, a football player will auction a compendium of his personal items including a signed jersey and football for charity.

Origin: from Latin com- ‘together’ + pendere ‘weigh’.

6. Injunction (noun): (An authoritative warning or order.) (आज्ञा/आदेश)

Synonyms: Directive, Command, Instruction Dictum, Fiat, Ordainment

Example: The Court issues an injunction that no one should wander the streets after curfew.

Verb forms: Injunct, Injuncted, Injuncted.

Related words:

Injunct (verb) - Issue a legal injunction against.

7. Raison d’etre (noun): (The most important reason or purpose for someone or something's existence.)  (उद्देश्य/ कारण)

Synonyms: Basis, Rationale, Justification, Purpose

Example: Knowing that violence is not the principal raison d'etre to meet the demands, workers called off the strike.

Origin: from French Raison d’etre, literally ‘reason for being’.

8. Enigmatic (adjective): (Difficult to interpret or understand) (अज्ञेय/गूढ़)

Synonyms: Mysterious, Puzzling, Hard To Understand, Mystifying, Unfathomable, Indecipherable.

Antonyms: Clear, Explicit, Known.

Example: For the determined medical researcher, the cure for cancer is an enigmawhich must be discovered.

Related words:

Enigma (noun) - Someone or something that is mysterious and difficult to understand

9. Clique (noun): (A small close-knit group of people who do not readily allow others to join them.) (गुट)

Synonyms: Coterie, Group, Cabal, Faction, Posse.

Antonyms: Individual.

Example: Elaine did not receive an invitation to Rachel’s birthday party because she is not a part of the popular clique.

Origin: from Old French cliquer ‘make a noise’

10. Cosy (adjective): (Giving a feeling of comfort, warmth, and relaxation.) (आरामदायक/सुखद)

Synonyms: Snug, Comfortable, Restful, Homey, Pleasant. 

Antonyms: Uncomfortable.

Example: A five-star hotel room is always cosy for anyone to stay in.

Related words:

Cosiness (noun) - आराम/सुखदता