English Vocab

Breaking Down The Budget In 20 Questions

Finance Minister Arun Jaitley presented the Union Budget 2018 on Thursday in Parliament. The most anticipated (to expect; look forward to; be sure of) event of the Indian financial calendar is over.

1 — First of all, why do we need a Budget at all? Was there anything particularly special about this year’s Budget?

Like households, governments, too, need Budgets — to assess income or revenues and expenditure, and to see what can be spent on, say, health, education, infrastructure, defence, or maintaining law and order. A Budget helps to prioritise the spending; it sometimes also provides a roadmap for where the country’s economy is headed.

While Finance Ministers look at each of their Budgets as special, this year’s Budget was watched with extra keenness because it was the last full Budget of the Narendra Modi government. With several state elections this year, it was also expected that the government would try to woo (to try to attract (someone, such as a customer, voter, worker, etc.): to attempt to persuade (someone) to buy something from you, vote for you, work for you) specific political audiences. But it was also hoped that the government would remain fiscally prudent (acting with or showing care and thought for the future), i.e., it would not end up borrowing excessively.

2 — Last year, the Budget was advanced to the first day of February from the last day. What did we gain as a result?

The aim of advancing the Budget was to ensure that spending on schemes and projects kicked in early in the year, rather than being pushed to the middle of the year — typically after May, when the purse-strings would be eased after Parliament approved the Budget. Evidence so far suggests that spending now is indeed more “front-loaded”, and there is less of a scramble (to get or gather something with difficulty or in irregular ways) to spend funds towards the fag end of the fiscal year.

3 — What is the state of the economy today, compared to last year, and to 2014, when Modi government took over?

Ten years after the global financial crisis, the global economy seems to be in good shape. But the Indian economy will post a growth of only 6.5% in 2017-18 — the lowest growth rate since the government came to power in May 2014. The good news is that global institutions and agencies have projected India’s growth to be in the mid-7% range in 2018-19, with global growth, too, picking up. But there has been a slide — that too, when it had the advantage of low oil prices.

4 — What were the key expectations from this year’s Budget?

It was certainly hoped that the government would meet its target on fiscal deficit, which is the excess of revenue over expenditure. The budgeted fiscal deficit was 3.2% of GDP, and meeting it would have meant keeping interest rates in check, and a more positive sentiment. It was expected that the government would provide more money for the poor, and unveil schemes for farmers and for infrastructure. And, both the re-introduction of a tax on gains made by investors who had held stocks for over a year, and a cut in the tax rate of companies, were widely anticipated.

5 — To what extent have these expectations been met?

The Budget has proposed schemes for the rural sector, and for families living below the poverty line. But individual investors, especially recent entrants to the stock market who have been putting their money in mutual funds that invest in stocks, and companies that had hoped for a lower tax, have been disappointed. So too economists, and the markets, which frown (any expression or show of disapproval) at higher borrowings.

6 The government has failed to meet the fiscal deficit target for 2017-18, and has had to revise it upwards for 2018-19? Is that a problem?

It is. Higher borrowings translate into higher yields or rates, which investors who buy such bonds seek (to try to acquire or gain). That then reflects in higher interest rates all around — for companies, and for individuals. The other problem with deviating (to depart or swerve, as from a procedure, course of action, or acceptable norm) from targets is that it could pose a credibility risk. Investors may not be willing to take the government’s word, which can be costly from an investment point of view.

7 What has the Budget done to raise resources for the government?

The government has set a target to raise Rs 80,000 crore in 2018-19 through the sale of shares in companies that it owns, either partly or through a larger tranche (a portion of something, especially money). Its achievement on this front in the fiscal year ending March 2018 has been impressive — having mobilised a record Rs 1 lakh crore.

8 And what has it done to boost government spending?

Much of the spending will be on building infrastructure — mainly 9,000 km of national highways, and connecting interior and backward areas by rail, which has a projected capital expenditure plan spending of Rs 148,528 crore in 2018-19. There is also spending on urban infrastructure like smart cities, water supply, and expansion of airport capacities.

9 What steps has the Budget taken to create more jobs?

The government says that lowering the mandatory norm of provident fund contribution of 12% to 8% for the first three years of employment will incentivise employment of more women, as will the system of fixed-term employment in the apparel and footwear sector. The assumption also is that higher infrastructure spending could bring more jobs, with more entrepreneurs setting up shop.

10 How will the fixing of MSPs of crops to guarantee farmers a 50% profit over production costs help?

This was a formula originally recommended by the National Commission of Farmers headed by agriculture scientist M S Swaminathan, and which Modi promised to implement during the 2014 campaign. The Finance Minister’s speech has basicallyreiterated (to repeat something already said in order to emphasize it) the promise, but without spelling out how it is going to be implemented.

11 And what provisions have been made for funding higher MSPs?

No money has been set aside to implement the promise, which will require the government to either physically procure the entire crop that farmers bring to the mandis and offer at the MSP or, alternatively, allow them to sell at going market rates and pay the difference. The Madhya Pradesh government has implemented such a scheme called Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana, which pays farmers the difference between MSP and the average modal (most-traded) price in mandis. The scheme has faced flak because traders apparently used it to drive down market prices. Since it was operational during this kharif marketing season only during October-December, farmers sold most of their crop to avail of the price difference. The traders are alleged to have made a killing by buying up this entire crop and driving up prices when the scheme ended. Jaitley has said that the NITI Aayog, in consultation with the central and state governments, will put in place a “foolproof” mechanism to address all these issues.

12 What does the Budget have for the elderly and the retired?

For senior citizens, the income-tax limit for deduction on health insurance premiums has been enhanced from Rs 30,000 to Rs 50,000. The limit for deduction on medical expenditure for certain critical illnesses has been raised from Rs 60,000 to Rs 80,000 for senior citizens, and from Rs 80,000 to Rs 1 lakh for very senior citizens. Also, the government has raised the exemption on interest earned on deposits with banks and post offices from Rs 10,000 to Rs 50,000 for seniors. What’s better, there will not be any tax deducted at source on their fixed deposit and recurring deposits.

13 What’s in the Budget for the poor, both in urban and rural areas?

There are schemes to provide free power and build toilets for the poor, and provide free gas connections to 8 crore poor women. There is also housing for the poor in both rural and urban areas.

14 What is the proposal to create “the world’s largest health programme”? How will it provide health security to vulnerable sections of Indians?

For the poor there is the promise of a health or medical cover of up to Rs 5 lakh, which the government says will cover over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families. This translates into 50 crore beneficiaries for secondary and tertiary care hospitalisation.

15 What practical benefits are to be gained by merging the three big public sector general insurers, United India Insurance, Oriental Insurance, and National Insurance?

It can be argued that consolidating their operations would lead to benefits similar to that of a large company with a balance sheet that can take on the challenges of a growing market. It is also in alignment with the government’s plan to consolidate in sectors such as oil and gas, and banking.

16 What does the Budget have for the middle classes in the towns and cities?

Not much, apart from the re-introduction of the standard deduction of Rs 40,000 in place of the current exemption on transport allowance and reimbursement of miscellaneous medical expenses.

17 After nudging newer sections of people towards equity mutual funds, why has the government now chosen to disincentivise these market-linked investments by imposing a tax on them?

The government perhaps feels that the many investors who have booked gains in stock investments and mutual funds over the last couple of years, can afford to pay a 10% tax even if they have held it for over a year. The calculation could have been that this set of people, who are perceived to be better off than the rest, can help partly underwrite the funding of some social sector schemes. The government could be betting that any dampening of the market sentiment as a result of this tax may be only transient.

18 What structural implication does the proposal to make it mandatory for the corporate sector to raise at least a fourth of their funding needs through bonds, have?

This could mean a change in the way big companies raise their funds. They will now have to rely far less on banks than in the past. For banks, it could mean a healthier mix and balance sheet, and perhaps a greater say compared to the past when it comes to the big borrowers. And a better and improved corporate bond market.

19 Overall, how can the Budget be summed up? Has the Finance Minister been reformist, populist, or has he just played it safe?

Not reformist. Because of the schemes and programmes aimed at the poor and vulnerable sections, some would say he has been populist. Overall, it does seem that he was risk averse (having a strong feeling of opposition, antipathy, repugnance) — maybe because of the overhang of the larger-than-anticipated deficit.

20 Finally, what is the big political message from the Budget?

Broadly, that targeting the poor, or those at the bottom of the pyramid, could help bring gains — both politically and maybe economically — once they are empowered.

Courtesy-Indian Express (National)

1. Anticipated (verb) : (To expect; look forward to; be sure of:) (प्रत्याशित, अपेक्षित)

Synonyms: Expected, Awaited, Predictable, Desirable

Antonyms: Sudden, Untimely, Abrupt, Doubted, Dubious

Example: If we follow the timeline, we anticipate we should have the project completed before August 12.

Verb forms: Anticipate, Anticipated, Anticipated

Related words: Anticipatable adjective, Anticipator noun

2. Woo (verb) : (To try to attract (someone, such as a customer, voter, worker, etc.) : to attempt to persuade (someone) to buy something from you, vote for you, work for you,) (प्रीति करना, आकर्षित करने की कोशिश करना)

Synonyms: Seduced, Lug, Pursue, Allure, Ensnare

Antonyms: Ignore, Bully, Dampen, Dispirit, Aloof

Example: They wooed customers by offering low interest rates.

Verb forms: Woo; Wooed; Wooed;

Related words: idiom-‘pitch woo’ (to flatter)- pitched woo, pitched woo, pitched woo

 wooer, noun, wooingly, adverb, unwooed, adjective

3. Prudent (adjective) : (Acting with or showing care and thought for the future.) (विवेकी, दूरदर्शी)

Synonyms: Intelligent, Judgmatic (Or Judgmatical), Judicious, Discreet

Antonyms: Careless, Heedless, Incautious, Rash, Improvident

Example: Even though my aunt thinks it is hard to quit smoking, she knows it is aprudent decision to stop the bad habit.

Related words: Prudently adverb

4. Scramble (noun): (To get or gather something with difficulty or in irregular ways) (संघर्ष, अव्यवस्थित कार्यवाही)

Synonyms: Rush, Struggle, Scurry, Scamper, Muddle, Flummox

Antonyms: Order, Classify, Codify, Spruce, Relax

Example: Tourists were scrambling over the rocks looking for the perfect camera angle.

Verb forms: Scramble; Scrambled; Scrambled;

Related words: Scrambler noun,

5. Frown (verb) : (Any expression or show of disapproval:) (अस्वीकृति की  कोई अभिव्यक्ति)

Synonyms: Grimace, Scowl, Glower, Gloom, Mope, Deprecate

Antonyms: Grin, Acquiesce, Assentation, Consent

Example: She was frowning when she entered the room, so I knew that she was annoyed about something.

Verb forms: Frown; Frowned; Frowned;

Related words: Phrasal verbs: ‘frown upon’ (to view with disapproval; look disapprovingly (usually followed by on or upon))

 frowner noun, frowningly adverb,

6. Seek (verb) : (To try to acquire or gain) (तलाश करना, इच्छा करना)

Synonyms: Cast About, Aspire, Solicit, Hunt, Look Up, Pursue, Quest, Search

Antonyms: Hide, Lose, Ignore, Neglect

Example: You should seek medical help immediately if you experience any chest pain or shortness of breath.

Verb forms: Seek, Sought, Sought

Related words: Phrasal verbs:- ‘seek out’(to search hard for and find a specific person or thing:),

Idioms :-‘be sought after’( to be desired or in demand)

seeker (noun), unseeking, adjective

7. Deviating (verb): (To depart or swerve, as from a procedure, course of action, or acceptable norm.) (हटना, भटक जाना, घूम जाना)

Synonyms: Veer, Wander, Stray, Divergent, Deviant, Errant

Antonyms: Direct, Uniform, Allied, Analogous, Converging, Invariable, Monolithic

Example: The author lost a large number of fans when he decided to deviate from his normal writing style.

Verb forms: Deviate, Deviated, Deviated

Related words: Deviator noun, Deviatory adjective,

8. Tranche (noun).: (A portion of something, especially money.) (अंश, भाग)

Synonyms: Portion, Share, Chunk, Wodge, Excerpt, Fragment, Allotment

Antonyms: Whole, Combine, Aggregate, Multitude

Example: The loan will be repaid in three tranches.

9. Reiterated (verb): (To repeat something already said in order to emphasize it) (फिर कहना, बार बार दुहराना)

Synonyms: Repeated, Quoted Echoed, Recapitulated, Recurred

Antonyms: Occasional, Infrequent, Intermittent, Sporadic

Example: Since I could not hear the instructions, I asked the teacher to reiterate them once more.

Verb forms: Reiterate, Reiterated, Reiterated

Related words: Reiteration noun, Reiterative adjective, Reiteratively adverb

10. Averse (adjective): (Having a strong feeling of opposition, antipathy, repugnance,) (प्रतिकूल, विरुद्ध)

Synonyms: Opposed, Antipathetic, Hostile, Antagonistic, Unwilling, Against, Loath

Antonyms: Desirous, Sassy, Agreeable, Willing

Example: Many manufacturing firms remain averse to innovation and risk-taking.

Related words: Aversely adverb, Averseness noun